Disagree that the underrepresentation of women in science and Research Paper

Disagree that the underrepresentation of women in science and engineering is the result of innate differences in aptitude and interests - Research Paper Example The explanations given have had implications on public policies. Additionally the conclusions made on such issues are likely to affect education, roles of males and females in the society, as well as the attitude of people towards education. This essay will argue that the underrepresentation of women in science and engineering is not the result of innate differences in aptitude and interests but due to other factors. Over the last half century, women have made tremendous progress in educational achievements. They have been able to venture in fields that were historically considered as male fields, which include law, business, and medicine. However, the number of women who have ventured in the fields of science and engineering remains low. This has led to several speculations regarding the reasons for sex differences in the aforementioned careers (Laursen and Bill 18-22). Some speculations are biased since they attempt to argue that males have certain talents and temperaments that enable them to succeed in science and engineering while women lack such talents. Another position used to explain the underrepresentation is the nurture position, which is based on the argument that males and females are biologically similar and the sex related difference, arise due to socialization and biasness. Other positions are intermediate and use both biological and socialization as well as biasness arguments to explain the sex differences in the fields of science and engineering (Trefil and Sarah 49-52; Bix 27-33) Several factors can be attributed to the underrepresentation of women in science and engineering careers. One of the major factors is the level of commitment required in the two fields. Pursuing courses in science and engineering and working in the related field requires a lot of commitment in terms of time and energy. Women especially

Capitalization requirement and efficiency Essay

Capitalization requirement and efficiency - Essay Example This issue is highlighted in the study of Ahmed et al. (2001) where it is noted that ‘Islamic banks perform both commercial and investment banking services but do not establish firewalls to separate these two services legally, financially, and managerially’ (Ahmed et al., 2001, p.169); in accordance with the above researchers the effectiveness of Islamic banks could be increased if their activities were appropriately categorized and distributed among different organizational departments. On the other hand, Chong et al. (2009, 125) state that the most important characteristic of traditional Islamic banking is the Profit and Loss Share scheme – in Islamic banks there is no interest on transactions, a fact that differentiates these banks from Conventional ones; the daily functions of Islamic banks have to be aligned accordingly. Through the study of Chong et al. (2009) it has been also proved that the use of PLS scheme in Islamic banks worldwide has been limited under the influence of the Conventional-banks practice of offering interest on investments and transactions; through this way, it is proposed by Chong et al. (2009) that the rules regulating the activities of Islamic banks worldwide would be changed and introduce similar principles with those applied on Conventional banks. The need for update of the existing operational principles of Islamic banks has been highlighted by the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions; the abo ve organization has proposed the development of ‘accounting standards for Islamic investment vehicles and the conduction of related training and publicity’ (Pomeranz, 1997, p.123); in other words, the weaknesses of the current Islamic banking system are recognized; however, it is noted that the improvement of Islamic banking system should be developed independently from the Conventional banking, i.e. through the establishment of principles and practices that they will

Preparing To Conduct Business Research Essay Example for Free

Preparing To Conduct Business Research Essay Introduction In conducting business research for the NFL organization instruments to collect data and conduct interviews will need to be used. The appropriate sampling and research methods will also be discussed for this research process. The NFL organization will see great benefits from conducting this research to reach the right conclusions about the problems they are facing as of late with their players violating the league’s personal conduct and substance abuse policies (2014 NFL Fines/suspensions Tracker, 2014). Their players have also been a part of many domestic violence arrests. (Morris, 2014). Sampling/Research Methods For this particular research, this study will require purposive sampling. The participants will have to be chosen arbitrarily for their unique characteristics, experiences, attitudes, or perceptions. Then as conceptual or theoretical categories of participants develop during the interview process, new participants will be sought out to challenge emerging patterns (Cooper Schindler, 2014). The first two groups will have to be NFL players who have a history of being involved in personal conduct and substance abuse violations, and those who do not. Individual interviews will have to be conducted face to face during the player’s practices or other down time they may have. If they choose to participate in the study, individual interviews will allow each player to feel more comfortable sharing truthful information about themselves and their possible involvement in personal conduct and substance abuse violations. The interviews will be semi-structured in nature because semi-structured interviews develop a dialog between interviewer and participant, and use the skill of the interviewer to extract more data and a greater variety of data, and can achieve greater clarity and elaboration of  the participant’s answers (Cooper Schindler, 2014). Instruments to Use to Collect Qualitative Information The instrument that will be used to collect this qualitative information will be survey via personal interview. This is because the depth and detail of information that can be secured is greater. The interviewer has the ability to improve the quality of information collected with this technique over any other methods. This is because the interviewer has the ability to observe the participants and see if they are having a hard time understanding questions and make it so that the participants can relate to them and feel more comfortable overall responding to them considering the nature of the questions that the NFL players will be answering (Cooper Schindler, 2014). Appropriate Sample Method The appropriate sample method for this research is a probability sampling because personal records of the players are already on file and they can choose narrow down the candidates for the survey to determine the best ones. Although with all the care taken for the survey â€Å"some people will refuse to participate† (Cooper Schindler, 2014). Due to players refusing to participate â€Å"sampling error is likely to rise† and the researchers would take that into account when determining the sample method (Cooper Schindler, 2014). Sampling Frame The sampling frame that would be used for this research study would be drawn from the roosters of the current players that are currently held by the coaches. To increase the sampling group this would also include previous players that had been involved with the league (Cooper Schindler, 2014). The researchers would pull from a â€Å"larger population and then use a screening procedure to eliminate those who are not members of the group† that the team wishes to study (Cooper Schindler, 2014). Players have been accused of the infraction in the past or currently have a case pending will not be included in the survey. The players will be assigned numbers and chosen at random to be surveyed. Appropriate Sampling Size â€Å"How large a sample should be is a function of the variation in the  population parameters under study and the estimating precision needed by the researcher† (Cooper Schindler, 2014). Due to the variance that could arise within the population the sample of the research would need to be larger to account for the variance (Cooper Schindler, 2014). The sampling size will also be large due to the smaller error range needed to determine the punishments for the players that commit break the player code of conduct set by the league. Cost considerations would not affect the size of the sampling because the current and former players will not be compensated for their survey. Sample Size The sample size regarding this particular experiment will be determined as followed: the first sample group will be NFL players known for having a history in being involved in personal conduct and substance abuse violations and the second sample group will be NFL players who do not have a history in either of those regards. As of now in the 2014 season, 41 NFL players have been suspended for substance abuse or personal conduct that can be interviewed in the first group and the remaining 1,655 players to choose from in the second group (2014 NFL Fines/suspensions Tracker, 2014). Qualitative Methods Being Used The qualitative method being used in the experiment is survey by face-to-face interview. The benefit to a face-to-face interview is being able to observe and record nonverbal as well as verbal communication (Cooper Schindler, 2014). It is believed that this method will produce the most honest, truthful data and in a study like this it is important to make your samples feel comfortable in opening up. Statistical Tests Being Used A powerful statistical test is recommended for this experiment. The number of players who have been suspended is too low, so it’s important to make sure the sample size will give enough data to make the experiment valid against the interviews done in the second group. Results and Conclusions The individuals that are in charge of gathering the data that is needed to create new policies for off-field incidences is going to make sure that they get everything they need to make new policies. They are going to want these  new policies to stay intact and not change every year. From the results, the NFL should be able to answer the original research question, â€Å"What should the off-field punishments be based on what the incident was?† In conclusion, the NFL was made aware that the policies for punishment of off-field incidences wasn’t strict enough. The NFL had to start by conduction interviews with players that were open to sharing information. The instrument that was used is qualitative information. The appropriate sample method for this research is a probability sampling because personal records of the players are already on file and they can choose narrow down the candidates for the survey to determine the best ones. Once all the information was gathered, the NFL was able to share the data by creating new policies for off-field incidences. References 2014 NFL Fines/Suspensions Tracker. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.spotrac.com/fines-tracker/nfl/2014/suspensions/ Cooper, D.R. Schindler, P. S. (2014). Business research methods (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Morris, B. (2014, July 31). The Rate of Domestic Violence Arrests Among NFL Players. DataLab. Retrieved September 26, 2014, from http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/the-rate-of-domestic-violence-arrests-among-nfl-players/

In Favor of Violence In Sports :: Sport essays research papers

With the increase in society taking a stance against violence by many people, sports has become an area where some feel that the violent acts such as the hitting and fighting that occurs should be eliminated. You can not change something that has been around for so long because it would change the aspect of the game to something completely different. The elimination of violence should not be done in sport because the violence is a part of the game which would only hurt its popularity. The reasons that the violence is occurring in sport is due to six theories according to John Schneider. "The violence in sport mirrors the violence found in society, violence as the result of economic incentives, the influence of crowd behavior on player violence, genetic causation for player aggression, learning theory and player aggression, and psychological stress and player violence" (Lapchick 230). The theories of sport mirroring society, violence as a result of economic incentive, and the influence of the crowd behavior are the theories that I feel are responsible for the increasing violence in sports. Most people when involved in a highly stressful situation where violence is around would probably resort to a fight to resolve their differences. In sport, why should we expect any difference. In events such as hockey games, where people are expected to hit and make body contact, sooner or later a fight will break out and the fans will yell and scream for their favorite player involved. Like anything, if people around us are applauding us for a certain act we have done, we will try to do it over so that we will continue to be praised. In sports, there are some players whose only role on the team is to protect and enforce the unwritten rules of the game such as in hockey where it is not right to fight or hit a Wayne Gretezy or Mario Lemieux type of star player! . His economic incentive is to protect the team and if he does not, a new line of work might be in the future. All three of those theories relate closely to the role of the fighter in sport and why it is that he does commit the acts of violence. When leagues such as the National Football League (NFL) or the National Hockey League (NHL) are asked to try and remove the violence from their sport, they are hesitant because it is not what the fans want. "Bryant and Zillman report that television viewers enjoy NFL plays more when they are rough and

In My Grandfather S Footsteps

Cacao's. Even until this day, have people telling me â€Å"Your grandfather would be so proud of you† or â€Å"l hope you end up just like your grandfather one day. † In these very moments, I feel this great sense of satisfaction run through my body. Not one person has fulfilled his footsteps in becoming a physician, and I would be honored to become the first. My hero is no one other than Dry. George Cacao's. From the stories I've heard, he was never in it for the money. To the families that had no insurance and couldn't afford healthcare, he would set up private appointments at his house.Until this day, people say he worked miracles on children. No matter how much time or labor it cost him, he made sure his patient's health improved; he would stay awake in worry and even crying at the fate of one of his sick patients. My grandfather truly loved his job, and he will always be the heroic figure in my life. My grandfather died of bone marrow cancer at the age of sixty yea rs old. It was a long, painful death; he was ill with this cancer for over 15 years. All the knowledge he possessed about medicine, all the experiences he had with patients, and all the lives he paved, could not save his own.There's a quote that says â€Å"Only the good die young,† but I can't completely justify that. Yes, my grandfather did die at a relatively young age, but the influences he made and the legacy he left behind will be cherished and live on forever. The more I think about this and all the sacrifices he made for his patients, the more I get inspired. Looking back on his career, Dry. Cacao's has guided me a path in his footsteps. He has shown me that determination, dedication, and a big heart can lead me in becoming a physician.The ultimate goal in my life is to be a physician and that starts with a college education. Dry. Cacao's stressed to his kids to stay in school and learn as much as possible, but to have fun doing it. I aspire to impact people's lives as much as my grandfather did. If can be the heroic figure to someone that Dry.

Testing Effects of LSD on Adults with Autism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 961 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/02/14 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Autism Essay Did you like this example? Normally the brain is not functioning on a level that includes excess release of serotonin, excess release of dopamine and endorphins, or there are certain vital connections that we don’t have access to on a conscious level, especially not simultaneously. However, when LSD is introduced, connections and reactions in the brain seem to be stimulated on a hyperactive level that can be seen in scans of brain activity. Dr. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Testing Effects of LSD on Adults with Autism" essay for you Create order Robin Carhart-Harris, from the Department of Medicine at Imperial described it as an â€Å"explosion of communication† that lights up the entire brain, places that wouldn’t normally be used to contribute to visual perceptions and other information from excitatory impulses. Specialists recommend not consuming high doses of LSD and not taking it often for fear of possible harm, and even permanent damage. High doses are considered to be anything from 750 micrograms and higher, which can increase the potential for bad trips. Some people consider really high doses to have â€Å"mind-shattering† effects. The recommended amounts range from 20 ug to 150 ug. 100ug being the average common dose. LSD in moderation and in a controlled and safe environment at a safe dose will lower the risk of potential brain damage and allow us to monitor and collect data on the specific effects of LSD on the brain. Acid is non-addictive though many side effects such as paranoia, anxiety and delusions are possible leading to reported cases of developed HPPD or Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder where one experiences sensory disruptions during or after stopping LSD. However, development of HPPD is more common in people who practice micro-dosing frequently over a long period of time. Most people take LSD on a yearly basis and tend to consume the average dose, and are less likely to develop HPPD. Autism is a developmental disorder, present from early childhood, that hinders full communication and ability to socially interact and pick up on social cues. However, people diagnosed with autism are more likely to perform well in areas where logic is most obvious. Their brains tend to lack synchrony in areas towards the back, specifically due to tighter connections in the front-lobe circuits and too few outstretched links between the frontal lobe and the rest of the brain. The frontal lobe is responsible for reasoning and planning, which is probably why logic is most favored with those with autism. But the excessive pressure put on those circuits causes for other places in the frontal lobe, specifically the Broca’s area, to be unable to understand/express speech. The areas towards the back, such as the parietal lobe in the upper rear of the brain, are home to the Wernicke’s area, and long-distance links between this area and the frontal lobe cause lack of ability to u nderstand and process complex thought. Ultimately, autism is caused by a mis-wiring of the communicative circuits in the brain where some areas are tighter or looser than others causing developmental issues pertaining to social interaction. In my experiment, I will research the hypothesis of whether or not those areas most significant to contributing to cases of autism will be affected by LSD, and see if activity in those areas will re-wire or manipulate neuro-plasticity in cases of autism leading to slight or significant changes in behaviour or social engagement. In the experiment, LSD will be introduced to a group of 100 people ages 25-30 who had no prior experiences on LSD, participants would have to have been previously diagnosed autistic. Another 50 would also be previously diagnosed autistic and would serve as the control group, and would NOT be given LSD. Another 100 people, would be non-autistic, have no prior experiences with the drug, and also fall in the 25 to 30 year age range. 50 of those participants would be introduced with LSD and the other 50 would not. We would do this to monitor the overall effects of LSD on a brain without autism or any other developmental issues. We would place each participant thro ugh an MRI scan to monitor brain activity prior to the experimental groups (with and without autism) being given the LSD. We would also give them a series of mental-performance tasks, including group discussions and social interactions, puzzles, and monitoring emotional responses to certain social cues or being shown images. We will monitor their performance on each and record and collect data. We would then evenly distribute the most accurate dosage of 100ug to our experimental groups, because the average 100ug dosage trip lasts about 4-6 hours, we’d wait 2 hours and place them through another MRI and again put them through a series of mental performance tasks at the same level of difficulty as the last and monitor the findings. We will repeat the process again after another 2 hours two more times (total of 6 hours). Due to the excess release of the neurotransmitter known as serotonin, sleep is common. Participants must only fall asleep after the six hours. During sleep we will monitor brain activity as well. Participants must only sleep for four hours. We will again place them (after 10 hours) through the MRI and another round of performance tasks, and monitor our findings. What we will be looking for is whether or not LSD effects those areas of the brain that are â€Å"mis-wired† in people with autism and how people with autism respond to being given the drug compared to those who do not have autism and those with autism that did not receive the drug at all. We will monitor emotional response and mental performance after each time stamp and see whether or not it has a significant effect on any of our experimental groups. Based on this we will formulate a conclusion on whether or not LSD can be used in future methods to treat- or serve as treatment for autism.

The Pros And Cons Of Tariffs Essay - 1628 Words

Presenting the Pros and Cons of Tariffs An important part of managing the economic status of a nation is to manage the methods in which goods and services are imported and exported into and out of the country. Because of differing resources, labor costs, and government support of industry, fiscal policy sometimes includes placing a tariff on imported goods in an attempt to level the economic playing field. â€Å"Tariff† comes originally from the Arabic word ta’rifah meaning â€Å"to make known.† In a more contemporary setting ‘tariff’ is defined as â€Å"the schedule or system of duties so imposed.†(Dictionary.com, 2015, p. 1) This is often taken to be defined as a â€Å"tax that a national government places on an imported or exported good or service to encourage or discourage trade.†(Fontinelle, 2012, p. 1) In modern economic policy of nations and states, the tariffs a tool to tax goods and services being imported. The principal desired outcome for this tool is to create security for the domestic industry from the imported product, which may be cheaper for consumers to purchase. (McEachern, 2015) Tariffs exist in many different forms, and have various uses dependent on the economic situation and outlook. They can be specific such as a set tax per item, or ad valoreum, with a percentage tax per unit. (McEachern, 2015, p. 282) This paper will discuss function of each and the positive and negative effects of the use of these various tools. Tariffs come in many formats, a primaryShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Tariffs1127 Words   |  5 Pages Pros and Cons of Tariffs Principles of Macroeconomics Columbia Southern University BBA-2401 Angelo Jones Managing the how goods and services enter or leave this country (import/export) is an important process that allows for us to control the economic status of our nation. Sometimes imposing tariffs on the goods imported balances our labor cost, resources and government supported industry. A tariff by definition is a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of importsRead MoreEssay about Jabwood International881 Words   |  4 Pageshave its pros and cons. Pros First year sales are 10% of the target market. Sales growth is estimated at 100 % in two years. There are no restrictions on mobility of funds. Capital can be 100% foreign. Processed wood products are exempted from import taxes. Government Stability is at 61 which means it is not likely for the country to go unstable. Saudi- Arabia is in the Middle East and it also an Islamic country which Jabwood international is familiar with that market. Cons Tariffs on lumberRead MoreSolution For Contemporary Economic Issues Essay1371 Words   |  6 Pageseconomic globalization. To master these problems, economists adopted two general types of economic theories. The first theory is protectionism, which is a philosophy to protect local markets from foreign competition by putting barriers, such as high tariffs. The second theory is known as trade liberalization. The clue of this theory is to encourage countries to stimulate international trade by reducing restrictions between countries. Today, adopting trade liberalization theory is more practical strategyRead MoreThe Free Trade Agreement Is An Integral Part Of The President s National Export Initiative Goal987 Words   |  4 PagesThe free trade agreement is a pact between two countries or areas in which they both agree to life most or all tariffs, special fees and taxes, and other barriers to trade between the entities. (White, 2015) The main purpose of the free trade agreement is to a llow faster and more businesses between the two countries which is seen to benefit both of them. The United States has free trade agreements with 20 countries. 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Therefore, the importance of food security is to the general welfare of the population as a public health and nutrition benefit. Free trade can be defined as a market model in which trade in goods and services between or within countries flow unhindered by government-imposed restrictions such as taxes, duties, tariffs, orRead MoreThe North American Free Trade Agreement1711 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will discuss four components of the North American Free Trade Agreement: Background, events, pros and cons. Upon the research, you will discover four online articles to provide more detail and examples. This research will indicate how it was developed and the reasoning on why it would benefit the nation. Also, it will provide events that occur after the agreement was signed by congress and the recession the countries experience during the early 2000s. There will be a chart locatedRead MorePros and Cons of the Free Trade Agreements706 Words   |  3 PagesWhile I was on the internet I was researching for the pros and cons of The Free Trade Agreements, and this is what I found: It seems to be a split betwe en the democrats and the republicans. Pros Some believe that the Free trade will increase sales and profit for the US business. I still think this is up in the air. I don’t feel the economy is up, but is it better? They also said that the Free trade will create us jobs for the middle class over a long term, but I also know that there are still a lotRead MorePros and Cons of Nafta Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesPros and cons of NAFTA NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement, has been getting a lot of not so favorable, and sometimes, controversial headlines in recent years. Some critics blame it for the current labor shortages in the United States, due to the fact that most U.S. companies have been and continue to outsource and ship jobs overseas. However, its proponents have been hailing it as a great success in helping lowering national prices on certain manufactured goods and services andRead MoreCentral America Free Trade Agreement1242 Words   |  5 Pagesagreement with lower tariffs, but to create a free trade area. CAFTA has been compared to NAFTA in many similarities in the areas that they encompass. Though it is speculated that CAFTA-DR is the stepping-stone to reaching the FTAA. The FTAA will include such countries as all of the South American and Caribbean nations, as well as, North America and Mexico, also excluding Cuba. (wiki) With reaching this agreement between the countries to lower tariffs on US products it removed tariffs on 80% of US exported